Air France †KLM: Changing the Rules of the Game Essay

Introduction Air France-KLM Case (Som 2009) provides the background for airlines industry and factors impacting companies’ positions, details about the history of air-carrier alliances and their challenges. The main focus of the Case is on two companies: Air France and KLM and their decision to merge despite predictions of failure. The period covered by the case ends in 2006. As most aviation companies worldwide were struggling and losing profits, Air France-KLM was confidently gaining market shares, improving growth and financial performance. The purpose of this report is to identify and analyze the key challenges of the aviation industry and Air France-KLM merger; evaluate options and offer recommendation on how to achieve stronger position and withstand economical pitfalls (oil prices, political pressure, and competitor’s rivalry). Information presented in the Case will be analyzed using: PESTEL Analysis (Yà ¼ksel 2012), Porter’s Five Forces Analysis (Porter 2008), organi zational and financial performance, SWOT analysis (Bernroider 2002). Options and recommendations will be provided based on Hubbard’s (1996) recommendations. Macro-environmental/PESTEL Analysis Politic Sub-factors: Governments of most countries have a strong influence over air-carrier business. For example, Civil Aeronautics Board regulated airlines prices until 1977. Most of the companies were government owned or subsidized without regard to the profitability of the carrier. Countries’ air space was restricted for use by the national air-carriers and access by foreign carriers was restricted. Changes came with the trend of privatization of national carriers. Ratification of the Deregulation Act in  1978 by the US Congress had changed the airline industry market landscape. According to Spinetta (2006), the European market became a Single Market removing restriction to all carriers.   Economic factors: The airline industry is heavily dependent on the cost of fuel, number of travelers and economical factors such as unemployment and household disposable income. Introduction of alliances provided a solution to overcome these restrictions and regulations, widen access to the restricted markets and offer cost reduction to the member companies achieved through combined codes, reduced number of flights, simplified transfers and ticketing, reduced fixed costs. Offering combined frequent flyer programs attract more passengers. Reduction of service centers and reducing employment is a very unpopular measure in Europe and difficult due to the union’s activities. Social-cultural factors: Improvement of lifestyle, growth of tourism, additional free household income and simplified travel within European Union affect the airline industry. Traditionally, each European country has its own airline even though some of them are heavily subsidized by the government and not profitable. Since 1997 global alliances became standard practice for the industry, but not the mergers similar to Air France-KLM. ï‚ · Technological factors: The aviation industry is highly dependent on technological improvements. Development of fuel efficient aircrafts improves fuel consumption and reduces fixed costs. Expending the aircraft capacity improves performance of airlines core business of the number of passengers and cargo, thus increasing revenue and cash flow. Environmental factors: Public health, food and health and regulations, traffic safety, sustainable way of doing business are important factors impacting airlines strategies. Legal factors: There are many factors affecting the airlines, for example access to the American market was closed until 1978 when the Deregulation Act was approved by Congress. European Union countries share the laws and regulations. Summary of Findings: PESTEL analysis allows evaluating the environment in which the company operates and the industry landscape projection on the future. Yà ¼ksel (2012) discusses use of weighted measures of each PESTEL factor which improves accuracy of the results and it is recommended to use for more detailed analysis. Buyer Power: Frequent flyers programs decrease buyer’s power. Ups and downs of the economy influence household income available for leisure travel. Low-cost companies regulate the cost. Supplier Power: Boeing and Airbus are the two main companies that supply global aviation companies. The fleet is usually renewed once a decade and every aircraft is very expensive. In 2006 Air France-KLM had 565 aircrafts in operation with 225 destinations. New Entrants: The barrier for new entrants is high due to high competition, government regulations, high fixed and start-up costs; complicated exit strategy due to unionized work force. Substitutes: A number of large and discounted airlines are available for passengers to choose. Other transport options are available; however, airlines provide the fastest way of long and medium distance travel. They are usually substituted by the alternatives for short distances. Cargo services, warehouses, training and maintenance programs are also core businesses for airlines in addition to carrying passengers. Industry Rivalry: in 2007, 249 airlines were registered globally, with 100 airlines spread between 30 European countries. This creates a high rivalry between the airlines. Analysis Summary: Aviation industry is highly regulated with strong and increasing buyer power. The barrier for new entrants is high. The supplier power is strong but weakening as AirFrance-KLM benefit from the economy of scale and strong bargaining power. The company protects oil prices by purchasing cost fixing insurance. There are substitutes available but air travel remains the preferred option for business travelers and fast cargo delivery. SWOT Analysis STRENGTH ï‚ · Both CEOs share company and industry future  vision and offensive strategy. (De Wit & Meyer  2010, p. 397-400) ï‚ · Use of non-discriminating policies and promotion  of stronger branding. Synergy in IT systems. ï‚ · Guarantees given to the stakeholders. Strong  financial position. OPPORTUNITIES WEAKNESS ï‚ · Geographical distance between Paris and  Amsterdam hubs is 400 km ï‚ · Different cultural backgrounds (De Wit &  Meyer 2010, p. 415-419) ï‚ · High fixed costs ï‚ · Union actions and political interference play  a significant role in the industry. THREATS ï‚ · Alliance attracted such companies as Aeroflot ï‚ · Dependency on fuel cost and economical  which opens huge Russian market.  fluctuation. ï‚ · More companies may be acquired or enter the ï‚ · European countries do not increase the  partnership with the merged Air France-KLM.  runway capacity. ï‚ · Improved routs offering achieved by reduction of ï‚ · Possible threat of integration between redundant flights. Expenditure of network.  Northwest and Delta which may create a  high rivalry in North America. ï‚ · Economy of scale in bargaining with the suppliers Recommendations The recommendations would be to continue investment in the latest technologies, including IT; renew the fleet to reduce fuel consumption and improve defect-free customers experience; secure locked fuel prices, build partnerships to extend long distance flights options; balance the network offerings between the continents; focus on stakeholder’s, employee’s and customer’s needs; consider strategic partnerships with other airlines; continue increasing market share and improvement of free cash flow and strengthening of financial position. References Bernroider E. 2002, ‘Factors in SWOT Analysis Applied to Micro, Small-to-Medium, and Large Software Enterprises:: an Austrian Study’, European Management Journal, Volume 20, Issue 5, October 2002, Pages 562-573, viewed 16 March 2014, De Wit, B and Meyer, R 2010, Strategy Process, Content, Context An International Perspective, Cengage Learning, Andover, UK. Hubbard, G 1996, â€Å"Analysing a case’, in Cases in Strategic Management: Australia and New Zealand, G. Lewis, A. Morkel, G. Hubard, G. Stockport, and S.Davenport (eds), 2nd ed., pp viiixvi. Prentice Hall, Sydney. Porter M. 2008, ‘THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES THAT SHAPE STRATEGY’, Harvard Business Review, 86, 1, pp. 78-93, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 March 2014, Som A. 2009, Air France-KLM : Changing the rules of the game. In: Strategy – Process, content, context – An International Perspective. Hampshire (United Kingdom): Cengage Learning EMEA, 2010, p. 823-836 Spinetta J 2006, Cross – Border Mergers & Acquisitions The AIR FRANCE KLM Story Speech by Jean-Cyril Spinetta at the Nyenrode European Business Forum on 23 February 2006, viewed 17 March 2014, Yà ¼ksel I. 2012, Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 52-66, viewed 16 March 2014, . BUSM3922 Case Study: Air France – KLM: Changing the Rules of the Game

“Facing Poverty with a Rich Girl’s Habits” Analysis

The name of the essay is â€Å"Facing Poverty with a Rich Girl’s Habits† by Suki Kim on November 21, 2009. In this essay she is telling us about a Korean girl went from being rich to her family going broke overnight. Ms. Kim is telling us about her struggles trying to adjust to a different society. She also needed to learn English and she found difficult to learn. One main point in her life was when her father lost everything overnight that ever mattered to the family. She was then moved to Queen, New York in the 1980’s where she started Jr. High. Suki had difficulty adjusting to America, especially not knowing how to speak English at all. The supporting details is when she stated that she watched reruns of â€Å"Three Company† in an attempt to learn English. She also stated that more brutal than learning English was facing poverty with a rich’s girl memory. A second main point is that immigration is meant to be the great equalizer, yet it is not easy to eradicate the divisions of the old country. She recalled at 13, is an acute awareness of the distance between her and her fellow F. O. B. ’s, and another, more palpable one between those of them in E. S. L and the occasional English- speaking Korean- American kids, who avoided them though they brought them certain undefined shame. The supporting details is that years later she learned that they were, in fact separated from them by generations. Those that sat in in huddle in that E. S. L class grew up to represent the so called 1. 5 generation. Many of them came to America in their teens, already rooted in Korean ways and languages. The writer’s purpose in genre is that she is now a Korean- American who once lived wealthy in Korea and then moved to a big city of Queens in the 80’s and really forced to learn English and adjusting to a new society. The audience is for all ages to read. The author tones towards her reader was calm when explaining her difficulties to adjusting to a new environment and going from rich to poor and having to learn how to be independent. Once she got older she became very good at speaking English that she became an interpreter for the Family Assistance Center.

All About Suicide By Luisa Valenzuela

Suicide: something that occurs among all age groups except newborns obviously. Although suicide occurs among all age groups there has been an increase, specifically among teenagers. Some would say that suicide is not preventable. However, that is not the case. Teenagers give off warning signs that can be noticed by those around them. Parents, teachers, and guardians need to take action and bring a stop to this increase in teenage suicide by cutting down the stress they put on teens. According†¦ Assisted Suicide I examine the ways in which our cultural expectations with respect to death may be transformed by the legalization of assisted suicide. I suggest the inadequacy of the philosophical framework currently taken as the basis for discussing the advantages as well as the dangers of legalizing assisted suicide. I do not believe that individual autonomy is any sort of possibility for dying patients, regardless of the social policies that surround death in a society, insofar as our individual†¦ Olesen February 25, 2015 Our Fate in Our Hands Assisted suicide is a controversial topic, sparking up questions and debates on whether it should be legal, or not. I argue that it should be legalized, it would be beneficial to some individuals because it would allow people with terminal illnesses to plan and prepare for their deaths, rather than go through pain and suffering, and the fear of not knowing when you could die. Assisted suicide, also commonly known as death with dignity, was created so†¦ Over a time span of one year, 2003 to 2004, suicide amongst children, especially teens has risen drastically. Contemplating suicide at any age is horrible. When a teenage, who has the ability to make informed decisions and has all the potential in the world, considers committing suicide, this is a tragedy. The tragedy suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15-24. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students. This paper attempts to list theories†¦ Doctor-Assisted Suicide Suicide is the act or instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally especially if that person is of sound mind. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing individuals who are hopelessly sick or injured for reasons of mercy. Doctor-assisted suicide is a term used to describe the act of a doctor or physician providing direct or indirect means of assisting someone in taking their own life. There are 2 types of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is withholding†¦ That 's the thing about suicide. Try as you might to remember how a person lived his life, you always end up thinking about how he ended it. (Cooper). Suicide is a life changing event, not only for the person who commits suicide but also for the surviving family members and friends. Family members might turn to each other in search of answers wanting to know what drove their loved one to commit such an atrocious thing, and subsequently begin to blame themselves or each other for not realizing that†¦ Assisted suicide is a very contentious topic in the world today. Everyone has their own opinion on this subject and it is a socially debated subject that involves a person making a choice, whether it is a choice to continue on with their life or give up hope and end their life. This should be a choice a person should make for themselves. While in the United States only one state has legalized assisted suicide. I agree with assisted suicide and this paper will support my feelings on this subject.†¦ The Significance of Suicide in Hamlet The concept of suicide is one that is greatly contemplated and discussed by Hamlet and other characters in William Shakespeare's play. It can be seen through two of Hamlet's soliloquies and his overall demeanor throughout the play. Hamlet has many issues that he must deal with such as the death of his father and the marriage of his uncle and mother. These two incidents led Hamlet to consider the extreme act of suicide to escape the fate that he had been bestowed†¦ assisted suicide this is a controversial subject, in this case there is a young cancer patient who has declined quickly who may be asking for help in ending their life. It may be argued that this is one of the choice a patient may make in the way that they seek to determine their own treatments; furthermore that allowing fully competent patients to make this decision is respecting autonomy. However, the patient bill of rights does not enshrine any right for a patient to seek assisted suicide. They†¦ â€Å"Suicide is not chosen; it happens when pain exceeds resources for coping with pain† (I-10). Ending a life is a big step in the wrong direction for most. Suicide is the killing of oneself. Suicide happens every day, and everyday a family’s life is changed. Something needs to be done to raise awareness of that startling fact. Suicide is a much bigger problem than society will admit; the causes, methods, and prevention need to be discussed more openly. Committing suicide probably sounds like a foreign†¦

A Probation Officers View of Effectiveness Essay

A Probation Officers View of Effectiveness - Essay Example The acceptable thing is that the effectiveness of any correctional effort has to be life-changing so that the positive changes remain tenacious. A Texas Prison Major was quoted, Dilulio, 1987, p 146 that he does believe, like every one, from the director to the warden to the boss in the cellblock, that prisons can be run well and that, the prisons don't have to unsafe, unclean or un-educational. For good programs and good safety go together with good management. In dealing with the intangibles, the perception becomes enormously relative. What is good for one is unacceptable to the other. Why is that There are so many variables at play here that to be able to provide a sustainable argument would be futile. Yet, behavioral science continues to endeavor, in a bid to come up with an acceptable measuring criterion. In this case, measuring the 'effectiveness' of the Probation Officers. The Case Study presented here is a classic study of human action and reaction. It is evident that for an idea to be pushed ahead, a climate of awareness and acceptance has to be created before action can be initiated. Historically action for change is a constant for organizations. It is when the actions boomerang; to expose the ugly side of the initiator [read Probation Officers] that such a report creates havoc. It may be bad enough to bring in the public, the politicians, the social agencies, etc. into the fray. We shall look at three very distinct, pertinent and fact localizing questions that are derived from the Case Study from Criminal Justice Organizations by Stan Stojkovic, David Kalinich, John Klofas, Organizational Effectiveness, Chapter 13, page 345347. Firstly - Whose interests were served in the newspaper's evaluation of this department, and whose will be served by the proposed evaluation A news report of this kind cannot remain contained to a specific issue. In an all Probation Officer 4 engulfing action, it would invade private as well as public domain. It did. From the newspaper's point of view the purpose was wholly served, it informed and instigated action. It prompted the resignation of the Chief. The newspaper may, by this, claim to have started a cleansing process. For the Probation Department, the news report may have kicked up a lot of dirt. The newspaper's evaluation broadcasted the urgency for reforms in the functioning and effectiveness of the Department. It showed the chasm that exists between what is permitted and what was practiced by the Officers and the department as a whole. It played up the under utilization of the work force. More importantly, it brought out that the ultimate goal of providing effective rehabilitation services was not being achieved which was echoed by many social service agencies. The newspaper report though it impaled the department, was good for it, for what should apparently have been an internal inquiry job was done externally by the newspaper and therefore remained objective. The report was not allowed to settle down; the newspaper's serial ensured that it drew the

Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Memo - Case Study Example The first thing the organization needs to establish is the goals. These will lean towards what the organization is aiming to achieve and what they want to attain within the short term that is less than a year and in a few years’ time. In order to attain the goals, it is necessary to have desired outcomes such as having financial security and a larger clientele base for sustainability of the organization. The desired outcomes will be accompanied by a timeline with set time limit to attain the outcomes. This will pressure the employees and board members into working harder and smarter. Strategies to attain the desired outcomes need to be put in place. These may include letting go of the unproductive board members, employees and trustees as they add no value to the organization’s success. New board members can be brought in who have knowledge in business and economics. The new members will work with the earlier proposals and plans of the development committee and the new goals in mind. Measure of the target and strategies should be put in place to be carried out after every two months and the final results to be released on or before the set timeline. Strong leadership provides direction and guidance for the rest of the people in the organization without which there will be disorganization and chaos as is currently the case in ECO. The board and trustees should come together with assistance from neutral party seek a new leader from outside the current individuals who has business experience. Evaluation of progress made will be carried out after every two months and will focus on the challenges and strengths made by the leader. The board is in charge of seeking funds to run the organization which is carried out through fundraising. Without the funds to run the organization, it will have to be closed and the employees lose their source of livelihood. The older more

Technology Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology Implementation - Essay Example This essay discusses that the organization need to have specific implementation procedures for the specific systems required in the organization. An EMR system is one of the technological systems required in the organization that would require successful implementation to benefit the organization. For the organization to be up to date with the modern technological development, it requires to eliminate paper work using this system. Although the organization might not achieve the required benefits from the system in the short-term, the organization stands to achieve long-term benefits following successful implementation. The benefits achieved by the organization from a successful implementation of the system will be part of organization’s return on investment. People form important components of an information system, people are not only important in the design of an information system but they also contribute in the implementation process. For the organization to implement the new information system successfully, it needs to consider the people required to run the new system. The organization will therefore consider the available staff before considering hiring new members of staff. If the existing staff can successfully implement the new system then the organization needs not hire new staff. However, if the available staff is not capable of implementing the system then the organization should bring in additional staff members.... For the organization to implement the new information system successfully, it needs to consider the people required to run the new system. The organization will therefore consider the available staff before considering hiring new members of staff. If the existing staff can successfully implement the new system then the organization needs not hire new staff. However, if the available staff is not capable of implementing the system then the organization should bring in additional staff members. The organization should therefore ensure that it has the required staff before it begins the implementation process. Although the organization will require staff members with variety of qualifications, the organization would consider a project manager to be an important member of staff. The organization should therefore begin by recruiting a project manager to advice the organization accordingly on matters concerning hiring of new staff. Secondly, the organization will require modifying its work flow and facilities. This part of the implementation process would require fine turning the existing duties and facilities with the new information system. The main reason that the organization needs to undertake this process is to ensure that the existing facilities and procedures fully accommodate the new system efficiently. To modify the workflow, the organization requires testing the capabilities of the new system on the procedures and duties performed by the organization. The implementation team will then decide how suitable the new system is in the performance of stated duties. From this process, the implementation team is capable of

The Business Strategy of Esprit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Business Strategy of Esprit - Case Study Example The Board has ten Directors, including the Chairman of the Board, five of them being executive and the other five being non-executive Directors, of the latter three are independent. Of the five executive directors one is Chairman and in charge of the overall corporate direction and strategy of the Group; another is Deputy Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Group and looks after a variety of areas, including production, organization, marketing, strategy and brand positioning; third is the Deputy Chairman, Group Chief Financial Officer and Company Secretary and is primarily responsible for managing the Group's financial and legal functions, including strategic planning and corporate finance, investor relations, accounting and tax, treasury management as well as company secretarial affairs; fourth is the joint Chief Operating Officer of the Esprit brand and the global head of wholesale operations of the Group and fifth is the joint Chief Operating Officer of the Esprit brand an d the global head of retail operations of the Group. Thus, Esprit has a functionally divided organizational design at the top management rungs. Its senior management comprises of a Head of Global Licensing, an International Product Director Women of the Group, a Group Financial Controller, a Global Chief Organization Officer, and a Global Image Director. The operational bias in the design of senior management is apparent. The Group employs both full-time and part-time employees and has approximately 8,000 positions worldwide after converting the part-time positions into full-time positions based on working hours (Esprit AR, 2004-05).   Organization's environment Three groups of people from the environment of Esprit. Esprit ensures complete fulfillment of its Social Responsibilities in order to make a perfect gel with its environment. As a global company, Esprit believes in developing and maintaining sustainable relationships with all stakeholders. It exhibits this commitment by ac ting imaginatively and consistently in the communities where its employees, business partners, and customers live and work (Esprit AR, 2004-05). Responsibilities to Employees Esprit recognizes the importance of human capital. It has the belief that its continued success depends on the commitment, enthusiasm, and energy of its global staff. A positive and respectable working environment which enhances collaboration and cooperation between employees is sought to be developed at Esprit. Towards this end, all internal communications channels are left free and open for ideas and feedback from staff. As an instance of this policy stance LIVE ESPRIT campaign was implemented in the year 2004-05 with the aim of promoting team spirit and creating a global culture for all employees located around the world. Group's quarterly newsletters and the global intranet help improve company-wide communications and connect employees around the world to the Esprit family. Culture is to be an attractive co mpany for talented and motivated.

Its midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Its midterm exam - Essay Example rthless if both the responsibility and authority are not equal to each other as the person may not be able to complete his responsibility as he did not have enough authority to obtain resources. 6. When a manager’s span of control is wide, he has a lot of subordinates reporting to him as compared to managers who have a narrow span of control. In such cases a manager may experience loss of control. 7. Empowerment of employees leads to increased employee engagement in the decision making process and this allows employees to bring in new ideas; this even motivates the employees as they gain a sense of responsibility. Empowerment may be viewed in a negative manner by employees as they may think that manager is just offloading his burden on their shoulders. 9. Exploitative Authoritative and Benevolent Authoritative System are two close approaches of management that are similar to theory Y as these two approaches states that decisions are made at the top and delegated to the lower section of an organization. 14. The theory of Fredrick Taylor fails to attain the goal of long term productivity as this theory is based on top down management rule where the instructions are obtained from the top and in such management scenario change is very hard to take place. 15. Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns his responsibility and authority to a subordinate to carry out a particular responsibility (Goetsch 120). The advantage obtained from this is that it increases employee’s involvement, but the downside is that the manager is held responsible if the subordinate fails to carry out the responsibility. 18. Electronic communication decrease the lapse time that used to be caused to make appointments and one particular message can be sent to several individuals at the same time. Electronic communication lacks face to face contact, it can lead to misinterpretation of information and electronic communication even contains lack of privacy. 21. It is

Ethical Issues in Outsourcing and Off-shoring of Jobs in the Essay

Ethical Issues in Outsourcing and Off-shoring of Jobs in the Telecommunication Industry - Essay Example cation industry, a majority of global firms tend to target economically backward or developing countries which enable them to reduce the overall operational cost by availing requisite resources at a much cheaper cost. In this regard, the process of offshoring business operations also facilitates the organizations to obtain resources, especially the manpower, in a lower cost as compared to the economically developed countries. Due to the fiercely growing competition in the global telecommunication industry, organizations often tend to practice outsourcing and off-shoring of their business operations from and to the other under developed or developing countries. In the present day context, it has been apparently observed that the global marketers seek to relocate their business operations in order to attain greater convenience in terms of paying lower wage which can also facilitate the organization to fulfill the expectations of its potential stakeholders in a cost effective and resour ceful way. With regard to the present business strategy in the telecommunication industry, it can be observed that a trend of expansion is highly practiced by the organizations with the aim of accomplishing considerable economic growth and strengthening their global presence in the competitive market scenario (Jaruzelski, Katz & Ribeiro, 2004). While discussing about the current trend of outsourcing and off-shoring in the telecommunication industry, it can be observed as emerging and widely accepted strategies by the modern organizations. This continuous emergence of outsourcing and off-shoring strategies within the global telecommunication industry has been witnessed to be influenced by. For instance, the lower penetration rate of the services in the telecommunication industry is one of... This report makes a conclusion that in accordance with the modern business competitiveness, it has been witnessed that the practice of outsourcing and off-shoring of jobs considerably provides adequate facilities to the telecommunication firms. For instance, it rewards the benefit of reducing operational costs to the organizations by acquiring resources, especially in terms of the potential labor of the firm. Moreover, the trend can also facilitate the telecommunication firms to reduce possible constraints relating to the legal aspects, working regulations as well as social responsibility related guidelines by taking the virtues of globalization. In addition, the outsourcing and off-shoring of jobs in the telecommunication industry can also enable the firms to improve the standard and quality of its services through integrating skilled employees at a lower cost. However, the trend of outsourcing and off-shoring can also create significant ethical issues which may affect the image as well as reputation of the firm. This paper stresses that the nature of outsourcing and off-shoring significantly focuses on replacing workforce of the organization with newly appointing workers from another culture and regional background which can be stated as the major concerning factor which might be termed as a major causing factor for the diminishing financial benefits of the existing employees. Moreover, overlooking prior communication process regarding outsourcing and off-shoring might also be treated as unethical in nature that hinders the career prospects the employees. It is worth mentioning in this context that hindrances in terms of employee dissatisfaction, management complexities and cultural conflicts are few of the most apparent ethical issues witnessed by telecommunication organizations when implementing off-shoring and outsourcing initiatives.

Developing an attendance management and rehabilitaion policy Essay

Developing an attendance management and rehabilitaion policy - Essay Example Under Innocent absenteeism, employees fail to go to work for reasons that are beyond their control. According to Cascio & Boudreau (2008, p. 45), IHC, which is one of the UK healthcare consultants argued that half of UK workplace absence his not often related with health problems. People just decide to attend their domestic or personal issues while others are not motivated by their jobs and various other reasons (Griffin, 2011, p. 280). Absenteeism is a global issues that face almost all companies though rates of absenteeism varies across companies depending on company location, size, industry type, weather, and job stress inherent in a given job position and responsibility. Some of the reasons for work absenteeism include poor attitude toward work that may rise from abuse of freedom or critical issues like sick leave permissions. Personal or family problems including the need to take care of sick children or elderly, family conflicts, pregnancy problems among most women among other reasons are cited as common causes of absenteeism (Jacobson and School of Psychology, 2007, p. 136). In organizations where the workforce constitutes of aging population, there are often high rates of absenteeism since older people may not be able to hand work overload. In places where employees are stressed, absenteeism is often high, work-related stress may rise from poor feedback between employees and management, harassment and bullying, poor remunerations, overworking among other issues. As mentioned by Jacobson and School of Psychology (2007, p. 136), involuntary absenteeism may occur where employees are not provided with required transport. Other reasons of absenteeism may include activities of the organization such as trips, entertainment or training of staff. According to Cascio & Boudreau (2008, p. 46), some of the direct costs

Parkinsons term paper Essay Example for Free

Parkinsons term paper Essay Parkinsons disease is characterized as a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which is understood to persist and continually worsen over time. It is the second most common neurological disorder. Parkinson’s disease affects approximately one million people within the United States. This disorder progresses slowly and is unique in the sense that Parkinson’s disease can be caused by genetics among other things. Parkinson’s disease is well known for its characteristic tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with speech in the patients it affects. Parkinson’s disease is caused by diminishment of the substantia nigra in the tegmentum which controls motor functions within the body. This disease is classified as a basil ganglionic disorder which causes a breakdown of dopamineric neurons in the substancia nigra, located in the midbrain. The substancia nigra is composed of neuromelanin which pigments the substancia nigra and gives it its darker characteristic. The neuromelanin also connects to the motor cortex which is responsible for one’s motor control and balance. The chemical dopamine is created in the substantia nigra. The basil ganglia receives inputs from the motor cortex, the association cortex, and the substancia nigra. The basil ganglia then sends messages to the motor cortex by way of the thalamus. With Parkinson’s disease, the nigral neurons are damaged, which causes the neuromelanin to be free to move into the adjacent tissue where it is phagocytosed and moved away by macrophages. This degenerative process not only destroys the process of creating dopamine, but it also causes the pigmentation of the substancia nigra to change and become lighter in appearance. The lack of dopamine-related input from the substantia nigra negatively changes the equilibrium of the output from the basil ganglia to the motor cortex. This alteration in the equilibrium then causes the symptoms related to Parkinson’s disease. The d irect cause of Parkinson’s disease remains a medical mystery, but many factors can participate in determining whether one is susceptible to developing Parkinson’s disease in  the future. The exposure to specific toxins in the environment and various environmental factors has the possibility of playing a role in those who were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Another possible cause of Parkinson’s disease is the role of one’s genetics. It is found that certain mutations can give rise to Parkinson’s disease, although this is uncommon. The brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease change as the disease progresses. Lewy bodies are microscopic markers that characterize the presence of Parkinson’s disease within a patient. They are abnormal microscopic protein deposits that form in the brain and play a role in disrupting the brain’s normal functions. This disruption causes deterioration. Lewy bodies contain A-synuclein which is a protein that cells cannot break down. Early indicators of Parkinson’s disease include tremors or shaking which can reside in one’s finger, thumb, hand, lip, or chin, though shaking is normal after extensive physical activity, injury, or may be due to medications. If one’s handwriting begins to appear smaller over a short period of time, it could be a warning sign of Parkinson’s although one should not base their self-diagnosis upon handwriting, for handwriting can change as one advances in age, but this happens over time and not suddenly. A loss of smell in specific foods can be an indicator, but a loss of smell can also be related to the possession of the common cold or the flu. Another early sign may be sudden movements while sleeping such as falling out of the bed or kicking and punching. It is important to understand that people on occasion may experience difficulty sleeping. Chronic stiffness can be a sign, but this symptom can also be caused by an injury or arthritis. If one is experiencing constipation on a daily basis, this can be considered a sign of Parkinson’s disease, although a lack of fiber in one’s diet or medications can determine the moving of one’s bowels. Having recently possessed a soft o r low voice is an indicator unless one has a chest cold or other virus. If one has the appearance of a masked face, a blank stare that persists, or undergoes a long duration of time without the action of blinking, these may be precursors to having Parkinson’s disease. Feeling dizzy or fainting can be signs of low blood pressure and may be connected to Parkinson’s disease along with the inability to stand up straight. There are many Parkinson’s-related symptoms that are known today. The most obvious of symptoms is a resting tremor. A shaking, or tremor, normally starts in one’s  limb, and it is often located on a hand or fingers. This resting tremor usually stops when the patient is voluntarily moving the limb affected by the tremor. A â€Å"pill-rolling† tremor is common and is characterized by one rolling one’s thumb and forefinger. These tremors can be noticed when the limb is even at a relaxed state. Due to the tremors and inability to control certain motor functions, writing can become difficult for patient s with Parkinson’s disease. It is noted that when writing, those effected with Parkinson’s disease posses handwriting that is characteristically small. Bradykinesia, or a slowing of movement, can be present. Parkinson’s disease has the ability to cause one to move slower which can make simple every-day tasks a challenge. With bradykinesia, one’s steps may become smaller in distance when being mobile, and one’s feet may begin to drag when walking. Excessive muscle tone or hypertonia may be prevalent in patients with Parkinson’s disease and will manifest itself as stiffness or rigidness which causes pain and a loss in one’s range of motion. Parkinson’s disease patients may experience posture impairment and balance, for a patient’s posture can become stooped, and balance can be lost. Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease may experience a loss in their autonomic functions which include and are not limited to smiling, swinging one’s arms while walking, and blinking. This loss in autonomic function caused a select number of patients to stop using their hands while speaki ng in normal conversations. Speech changes can affect those living with Parkinson’s disease. One may speak out of rhythm in such a way that it may sound soft, quick, hesitant, monotone or slurred. Diagnosing Parkinson’s disease is not a simple process, for a test for Parkinson’s disease does not yet exist. In order to be diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, a neurologist must first obtain a detailed medical history of the patient being diagnosed, a review of the patient’s signs and symptoms, a physical examination, and a neurological examination. Tests to exclude other conditions may be ordered to ensure proper diagnosis of the disorder. Once a patient has undergone sufficient testing and examining, the doctor may prescribe the patient the medication carbidopa-levodopa, which is a Parkinson’s disease medicine. If the patient improves considerably while on the medication, this often confirms a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis.  There exists a wide-range of treatments for patients that suffer from Parkinson’s disease from drug treatments to surgical treatments. The pharmacologic approach for those with Parkinson’s disease aims to increase the lack of dopamine in the patient’s basil ganglia. L-dopa or Levodopa is a drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier. The brain can convert this drug to dopamine. Carbidopa can also be prescribed to patients afflicted with Parkinson’s disease. Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor and, when taken with levodopa, can aid levodopa from converting to dopamine outside of the brain. The combination of medications allows for more levodopa to reach the brain which ultimately increases the brain’s supply of dopamine. These two medications decrease the side effects which are caused by an increased amount of dopamine outside of the brain. They reduce the supply of â€Å"free† dopamine from residing outside of the brain. An excess of dopamine outside of the brain could result in low blood pressure, vomiting, and nausea. Other medications include dopamine agonists which directly stimulate nerve receptors inside of the brain which are usually stimulated by dopamine. In contrast to the medication levodopa, dopamine agonists do not convert into dopamine but rather behave like dopamine. Dopamine agonists are utilized in patients that are in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease and may be added to a treatment plan along with levodopa in the later stages of Parkinson’s disease. It may also be added when levodopa alone cannot sufficiently manage the patient’s symptoms or when the patient has severe motor fluctuations. Side effects associated with levodopa-carbidopa include dizziness upon rising, confusion, nausea, movement disorders, and hallucinations. Side effects commonly associated with dopamine agonists are vomiting, nausea, and orthostatic hypotension. Surgical treatment options are available for those who suffer from Parkinson’s. These surgical treatments are intended to control symptoms related to Parkinson’s disease patients who do not positively respond to medications. One of the surgical treatments crea tes a lesion in specific portions of the thalamus within the midbrain which become overactive in Parkinson’s disease. A reversible procedure that can be used on patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease is deep brain stimulation, or DBS. With this procedure, electrodes are implanted into exact locations. These locations are treated then with pulses of electrical currents. Why deep brain stimulation works is unknown. Medical  experts believe that the current could be activating, affecting, or inhibiting synaptic transmission onto neurons in the vicinity of the electrodes. The future prospects for a cure for Parkinson’s disease are promising, for the medical community has begun to identify the genetic causes linked to Parkinson’s disease. This allows the medical community to expand animal models of Parkinson’s disease. These will be highly useful in the process of understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and will be useful in further testing the neuroprotective therapies which can potentially aid in the fight against the progression of Parkinson’s disease. A different potential approach in the future would be to engage in the replacement of lost neurons via transplantation, which would be highly difficult and tedious. Overall, Parkinson’s disease is well on the way to being better understood and through this und erstanding scientists will be able to directly identify the source of this disease and eventually find a method that directly cures this disease. References Etiology. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 13,2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/etiology Welcome to the Purdue OWL. (n.d.). Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 Parkinson’s: Symptoms Types. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/guide/parkinsons-symptons-types Parkinson’s disease. (n.d.). Complications. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/complications/con-20028488 Parkinson’s Disease. (n.d.). Parkinson’s Disease. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http:// courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/parkinsons.html Nisipeanu, P. (n.d.). Parkinson’s Disease: Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Adverse Effects of Dopamine Agonists. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/books/NBK27800/ Levodopa Medicines for Parkinsonâ€℠¢s Disease. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http:// www.wbmd.com/parkinsons-disease/levodopa-medications-for-parkinsons-disease Dopamine Agonists for Parkinson’s Disease. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from

Television Families Communication Essay Example for Free

Television Families Communication Essay Many television shows portray the lives of typical American families; both African American and European American. I have chosen to compare and contrast two television shows: Family Matters and Home Improvement. The two shows are surprisingly similar in many aspects, but there are a few differences in the communication styles and other aspects of the two families. Communication theories can be used to help show and analyze the communication between each family. These theories include interactional, dialectics, speech community, and cultivation. Do prime time television shows really represent and portray the differences and stereotypes between African American and European American families? Family Matters first aired on ABC in 1989 and lasted until 1998. There are 215 episodes that tell the story of the middle-class Winslow family from Chicago. The show focuses on Carl, a police officer and his family: Harriet, Eddie, Laura, and Judy. Harriet is Carl’s wife. Eddie is their eldest child, Laura is the oldest daughter, and Judy is the youngest of the three. Also living in the Winslow household is Harriet’s newly widowed sister, Rachel, and her child, Richie. In the â€Å"Pilot† episode Carl’s mother, Estelle, also moves into the house. The Winslow’s have a stereotypical nerd next door neighbor, Steve Urkel, who is constantly causing mischief. He is introduced midway through the first season and quickly becomes a favorite main character for many. The shows’ episodes usually involve a minor problem or conflict, but by the end of the 30 minute episode it has been resolved and everything is alright again. In the very first episode we meet Carl and his family. They are African American, but they appear very normal and much like a European American family. The first main problem in the episode is that Carl does not want his mother to move in even though Harriet has already told Estelle she can. Carl is torn between wanting to keep his mother out of his home life and wanting to make her happy and let her move in. This is an example of integration versus separation from dialectical theory. Carl knows that his mother will want to control his life – setting him up on a diet, telling him how to discipline his children, always wanting the final say. He does not want to have to allow her into the house 24/7 because she will cause a major change in the household. Despite his attempts to convince Harriet to change her mind about Estelle moving in, Estelle moves in. Carl was right, â€Å"Mother Winslow,† does start to try and control the rest of the Winslow’s lives. Carl begins to feel that his role as head of the house is being compromised by having his mother living in the house. After a few days Harriet convinces Carl to talk to his mother about how he is feeling. In the end Carl and his mother talk and agree to compromise and give each other more space. In dialectical theory this is known as a responding to the dialectic with neutralization, which is a compromise that meets both needs somewhat, but neither is fully met (Wood, 2004). Another example of opposing tensions in Family Matters happens in episode four, â€Å"Rachel’s First Date. † Rachel’s husband has been dead for about a year and she has avoided dating during that time, but recently a man from the church choir, Alan, has been calling to ask her out. Finally, she agrees to go to dinner and a movie with him at the end of the week. When the day rolls around she is found in her room trying on nearly every dress in her closet. Harriet comes to console her and help, but Rachel is adamant about not going on the date anymore. Mother Winslow shoos everyone out of the bedroom except for Rachel and sits her down. The two women have an emotional talk about how Rachel feels guilty for going on a date with another man. She says that she was so comfortable with her past husband that she can’t imagine even being happy with another man. She experiences the opposing tensions known as stability versus change. Rachel loved the familiarity and constancy that she had with her past husband, but now that he has been dead for a year, she is having feelings of wanting stimulating change and dating other men. The problem is solved by Mother Winslow convincing Rachel that her husband would have wanted her to be happy and that she is not hurting him by going on a date. This is response to the dialect is known as separation, which attempts to meet both contradictory needs by satisfying each one in separate situations or spheres or relational life (Wood, 2004). Eddie is the typical teenage son. He is constantly trying to fit in with his friends, go out to parties, and bend his parents’ rules as much as he can. In the second episode Eddie tries to convince Carl that he just has to have a this new pair of shoes that everyone at school has, Carl of course says that they’re too expensive (â€Å"Two Income Familyâ€Å"). Eddie tries to sway his Dads decision by cleaning the car, doing the laundry, and being extra nice; it doesn’t work. In the meantime we find out that Harriet has just lost her job and that the family is having financial troubles. Eddie again asks Carl for the money, this time Carl tells Eddie he will have to work for the money himself. Eddie ends up making the seventy dollars needed for the shoes, but when he finds out that the family is in money trouble he gives the money to his parents instead of spending it on himself. In symbolic interactionism theory this would be considered an example of the I and ME. The I is the impulsive side of people that is â€Å"generally unburdened by social rules and restrictions† (Wood, 2004 p. 91). This is Eddie wanting the shoes for him and thinking he must have them. The ME is â€Å"†¦evaluative, and above all aware of social conventions, rules, and expectations† (Wood, 2004 p. 92). This is Eddie realizing that he does not actually need to shoes and should give the money to help his family. The I and ME are seen as complementary, you can’t have one without the other. Eddie deals a lot with balancing between the two self’s throughout the series. Family Matters tried to portray the average African American family in the 90s. Minority families are struggling to for representation and positive portrayals. Family Matters showed a happy, though sometimes dysfunctional, family learning good family values. The show portrayed African Americans as average, normal, not any different from European Americans. A question that could be asked though is how did the producers of the show find out what a â€Å"typical African American family† was? Home Improvement first aired on ABC in 1991 and lasted until 1999. The show focuses on the European American Taylor family from Detroit, Michigan: Tim, Jill, Brad, Randy, and Mark. Tim, the father and husband, is the stereotypical American; he loves power tools, cars, and sports. He hosts his own home improvement show called â€Å"Tool Time. Jill, the mother and wife, is the typical mom, always taking care of the family and being the voice of reason. Brad, the eldest son, and Randy, the middle son, love to gang up and pick on the youngest son, Mark. Together the five Taylor’s make up a comical and loving family. â€Å"Tool Time† is a show that involves Tim doing demonstration of tools and offering ways that people can improve their homes. Tim is always getting into accidents on the show, but the audience just believes that they are done on purpose to show that you must be careful when handling the tools and equipment. Tim is always using terms and words that describe and explain the tools. Every tool has its’ own special name and use that it seems that only a group of people actually interested in tools would know. In the second episode Jill is making fun of Tim for being so attached to his tools and how each tool has its’ own place in the garage (â€Å"Mow Better Bluesâ€Å"). Tim tries to explain to Jill that his tools are like her record collection; they are very important and special to him and have sentimental meaning. Jill can somewhat relate, but she still thinks that Tim is too into his tools. This idea of having only a group of people understand the terms and the rules of something is part of the speech communities theory. Tim has his own â€Å"speech code† that he using to communicate with other people that are just as interested in tools and home improvement (Wood, 2004). People on the outside, like Jill, are not able to fully understand. In the first episode of Home Improvement Tim goes through a phase where he believes he needs to reclaim â€Å"the male spirit† (â€Å"Pilot†). To do this he enlists his youngest son, Mark, to help him improve the dishwasher. Mark is the youngest of the boys and is often picked on by his two older brothers, because of this Tim and Jill often have to console and cheer up Mark. Tim has been helping Mark become â€Å"more manly† since he was little; he teaches him how to use tools, fix home appliances, and always telling him he’s smart and funny. Mark has been brought up to believe that even though his two older brothers pick on him consistently he is â€Å"better than them† because he is smart and funny and not always creating mischief. He is defined as being a â€Å"momma’s boy† and his brothers use every excuse to make fun of him for it. The is Mark’s self, which comes from the theory of symbolic interactionism. A persons’ self â€Å"doesn’t exist at birth. †¦self is developed through interaction with others† (Wood, 2004 p. 91). Mark is easily shaped by the influences of his brothers and parents, making him into the person he has become. Both of these television shows offer many of the same characteristics. They both highlight family values and open communication between each other. They both mainly take place in the household and try to portray a realistic family. They both are made mainly for white audiences. How television portrays family is important because watching television is a source for learning about family. Television has cultivated our attitudes about what families should be like. According to these two television shows families should consists of a working father, a part-time working mother, three to four siblings that fight, but are always there for each other, and a nice house. There are problems within the family everyday, but by the end of the day the problems have been communicated, solved, and end in a family hug. People who watch these shows continuously can begin to believe that this is what real families are really like. The two families in these shows are not 100% perfect, but they come close. They are not a misrepresentation of what a family is like, but they do represent what the most idealistic version is like. Television represents the interaction between families, between spouses, between parents and children, and between siblings. In some shows people are able to directly relate to the situation shown, this is called resonance (Wood, 2004). I am able to directly relate to Home Improvement and Tim Taylor as a father because that is exactly what my father is like. I grew up learning how to use every tool in the garage and was always involved in the next â€Å"home project† my father decided to start that weekend. I have huge resonance with this show because of my own personal experiences. Relationships shown in the two shows are very similar. The husband and wife relationship and role are very similar between Tim and Jill and Carl and Harriet. Both the husbands are the main supporters and workers of the family whereas the wives are in charge of the households. In the two shows the spouses both playfully fight and make fun of each other consistently. Harriet does have a job and she is very persistent in keeping her job; she likes being able to help support the family financially. Jill stopped working when her children were born, but in the first episode she has an interview for a job. She tells Tim that she wants to be able to have a life outside of the house and her independence. Unfortunately she does not get the job. In both of the shows the wives are the â€Å"glue† that hold the family together and the husbands are responsible for fixing things, whether it’s an appliance or an argument. Ultimately the wives have the final say in everything; which is fairly congruent within relationships of real spouses. The relationship between father and their children in the two shows in different. In Family Matters Carl is often scolding his children for being too loud, asking for too much, and for being messy. He often gets into arguments with his son, Eddie, because he has strict rules set for his children. It is obvious he loves his children, but he does not try to directly relate with them and do activities with them. This could be because he has two daughters and does not know how to interact with them. In Home Improvement Tim is always interacting with his children. He often asks for their help in fixing various things in the house. He relates most closely with Brad, the oldest son, because Brad is the most interested in sports and cars. Overall he works very hard to maintain good, close relationships with his three sons. The relationships between mother and children are similar in the two shows. Harriet is very aware of her children and their problems and is always willing to listen and help. Harriet can be a bit overbearing on her children and towards her sister, Rachel, but she always means well. Jill is a very motherly figure and comes from a military family. She uses her tough upbringing to often solve problems that arise between her sons. She is the only women in the family and it is apparent she is sometimes sad she doesn’t have a daughter to share those experiences with. She is closet to Mark because he is able to like some of the things that she does, instead of just being a predictable boy. Both mothers are very affectionate with their children, hugging them and kissing their foreheads. They are also very firm with them and try to teach them valuable lessons when needed. The relationship between siblings is also comparable in the shows. In both shows there are three siblings. In Family Matters there is the one boy and two girls. The two girls appear to be very close even though they are often arguing and fighting over who should be allowed to do what. Laura, the oldest daughter, loves her sister very much. In the fourth episode she tells Rachel, her aunt, that even though she may argue with her sister she would do anything for her. Eddie, the oldest of the three, does not appear to be very close with his sisters; this could be because of the age difference. In Home Improvement the relationship between the three boys is very close. The two oldest boys are seen hanging out together all the time, though it is often because they are into some type of trouble making. They enjoy playing pranks and picking on Mark. Mark is sometimes included in the older boys trouble making but often times he ruins it by messing up the plan. The three boys are able to have fun together seeing as they are all fairly close in age and can usually find at least one thing in common. There is a major difference in the households between Family Matters and Home Improvement. In Family Matters it is not just the nuclear family living in the household, the grandma, aunt and nephew also live in the house. This is probably where we see the biggest racial stereotype; African Americans are often known for having multiple family members living in their household. Estelle has a very stereotypical grandmother role, she is wise and very defensive of her grandchildren. Rachel is often seen leaving her son with the two girls, Laura and Judy. These two additions to the household, just make the household more crazy and fun. Though Family Matters is an African American family you do not subconsciously realize it because they are so similar to what a European American family is like. This could be the media trying to appeal to a wider audience. The differences in African American and European American are not really touched upon in this show. There are very few stereotypes that are seen in Family Matters about African Americans. So does this show actually portray a typical African American family? I do not know, because most of my exposure to African American families is from the media. This is the problem with cultivation we often make assumptions based on what the media tells us and we do not have any way to know if they correct or not. Communication is key in both families. Many problems arise and it is shown that they only way to solve it is to confront the person and talk it out. The mothers are much more direct in their communication and the fathers are more easy going and joking in their communication. A family is a system; everyone must work together because â€Å"all parts are interrelated† (Wood, 2004 p. 163). The Winslow’s and the Taylor’s are a group that is always trying to organize themselves and work together. The Winslow’s had to make adjustments when Rachel and Richie moved in and then again when Estelle moved in. â€Å"If you change any part of a system, you change the entire system† (Wood, 2004 p. 163). Roles were changed, Harriet didn’t have to make dinner every night, the children could be watched by their aunt and grandmother, many aspects were changed. This idea of interrelated parts is from interactional theory. Historically, television has tried to promote a customary family model. A family that includes intelligent parents, well behaved children, with little conflict arising. Television has evolved over the years and has learned to make shows more realistic. Family Matters tries to portray a typical African American family with good morals and life lessons to be taught. Home Improvement is an average European American family with a sports and tool crazy father strong mother, and three healthy boys. In both shows there are conflicts and problems, but it is shown that with good communication and being open anything can be solved. The media has cultivated people’s attitudes to believe that this is what family life is like and sometimes it is like the lives of the Winslow’s and Taylor’s, but other times life’s problems are not easily solved. The shows are a good form of entertainment and they do offer a representation of what family life is like, but that is about it. You should not expect your life to be as easy and simple as these two families, but you can expect it to be just as fun.

Cons of a bioassay

Cons of a bioassay 1. Cons of a bioassay- firstly the response to a hormone by a specific tissue may not reflect the in vivo response. For example, a hormone may be modified by another factor within the tissue before it acts on the tissue. Furthermore, the hormone that you are testing i.e the number of contractions in uterine tissue in response to a specific oxytocin concentration, may not be entirely be due to oxytocin i.e. PGF2a is also psent in uterine tissue which acts locally to cause contractions also(Callegari et al, 2005). Also, an animal may need to be killed in order to isolate one organ only i.e. the uterus in mice. There is also biological variation between species i.e. human and mouse, and so the physical outcome in response to a particular hormone in mice may not reflect what the outcome is in man. Pros of a bioassay-allows you to determine whether a hormone is psent in a particular tissue and/or plasma. This gives you an idea of how the hormone may act in vivo and how the effects may be modified in a dose response fashion on a particular tissue. The outcomes on hormone responses observed in mice tissue might repsent the way the drug works in man(Bulletti, 2005). An unknown concentration of a particular hormone can be devised. You can also use a bioassay to configure the biological response of an exogenous substance, and to make comparisons of the variety of effects of different substances on different tissues. 2. According to Furchgott and Zawadzki (1980) the type of cut of tissue does not matter. As long as the section is carried out carefully so that the endothelial cells remain intact. The myometrium is part of an endothelial layer that contains the receptors for oxytocin. Basically the cut does not matter; however, the receptors need to remain intact. 3. We would automatically think that in the absence of any hormones the baseline activity will be zero. However, this is not the case i.e. if the cotton string was interfered with the baseline activity may be altered. Furthermore, the baseline activity probably is not a reflection of the absence of hormones. Therefore, it is very important to obtain a baseline bioassay measurement, to establish how psence of other factors in the tissue could interfere with subsequent measurements. 4. The greater the amount of oxytocin added to the water bath the greater was the frequency. However, the amplitude sid not change. In other words a greater amount of oxytocin added to the water bath-the greater number of contractions within the uterus, although the force of the strength of the contractions was not altered. 5. To quantitate the amount of oxytocin of the unknown (the amount of oxytocin in IU per g in mice pituitary tissue) the area under the curves for each concentration (1IU, 5IU, and 10IU) added to the water bath-the unknown was calculated. The area (uterine work) was figured by printing the curves on graph paper, cutting out the curves and weighing the paper in grams and dividing the weight by the weight of a 1cm2 piece of paper to give the uterine work (area under curve (cm2)). Subsequently, the value of the uterine work for each concentration including the unknown concentration plotted on the graph. Please see graph and calculation on the next page. Calculating the area in this way was a more simple option compared to calculating the work by using the amplitudes (which did not vary considerably) and the frequency, or by counting the number of squares underneath the curves. 6. Please see graph and calculation on following page. 7/8. This assay was not specific. In regards to the uterus in mice other hormones which affect the frequency of contractions are psent. For example, PGF2a which also acts on the myometrium of the uterus works to increases the amount of contractions. Furthermore, progesterone is responsible for making uterine muscle more contractile, while estrogen and relaxin causes it to relax(Blanks and Shymgol, 2007). In a pituitary, hormones such as progestins, estrogens, androgens, which alter uterine contractility, may be found. Additionally, vasopssin is secreted by the posterior pituitary and binds to a receptor very similar to the oxytocin receptor within the uterus (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). At any one time vasopssin may bind to an oxytocin receptor stimulating the same response (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Therefore, depending on weather or not and how much of the above hormones were psent in the mice uterus and the pituitary- alters the effect of oxytocin acting alone. Also, other hormones such as prolactin, dopamine, inhibin, LH and FSH are found within the pituitary gland. 9. This bioassay was not good in terms of its specificity as mentioned in questions 7/8. However, it could be made more specific i.e. add antagonists of the hormones psent in both the uterine and pituitary tissues to the water bath except for oxytocin, or to isolate the oxytocin from the pituitary tissue first which is obtained by density gradient centrifugation of isolated pituitary tissue, subsequently adding it to the water bath. 10. Blanks, A., Shmygol, S. (2007). Myometrial function in pmaturity. Best Practice Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology 21: 807-819. Bulletti, C., Zieglar, D. (2005). Uterine contractility and embryo implantation. Experimental Physiology 3: 265-76. Callegari, A.E., Furguson-Gotschall, S., Gibori, G. (2005). PGF2alpha induced differential expssion of genes involved in turnover of extracellular matrix in rat decidual cells. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinolgy 3:3. Furchgott R.F, and Zawadzki J.V.(1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. Vol 288.

Romanticism Essays -- Romantic Period Essays

Romanticism "In spite of its representation of potentially diabolical and satanic powers, its historical and geographic location and its satire on extreme Calvinism, James Hogg's Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner proves to be a novel that a dramatises a crisis of identity, a theme which is very much a Romantic concern." Discuss. Examination of Romantic texts provides us with only a limited and much debated degree of commonality. However despite the disparity of Romanticism (or Romanticisms) as a movement it would be true to say that a prevalent aspect of Romantic literature that unites many different forms of the movement, is a concern with the divided self. As the empirical Rationalism of the eighteenth century was partially subverted by the subjective metaphysical reflection in the nineteenth artists tended to examine wider issues from an introspective starting point. The idea of the divided self became a motif from Blake's "Albion" to Byron's Manfred to Keat's musings on the disassociated nature of the Poetic Self. Some writers personified this division in distinct physical manifestations, usually a hero and his inverse doppelganger. Most famously in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the various "selves" in De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater and in the complex mirroring of major characters in James Hogg's ambiguous masterpiece Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner. Although critics (as Andrea Henderson in Romantic Identities) have debated the extent that Romanticism dramatises divisive crises with the psychological self , the vast majority of writing on the subject agrees that "crisis of identity" is certainly a "Romantic concern". Hugo Donelley draws attention to the "Modernis... ... Doubleness of Hogg's Confessions and the Tradition", Studies in Scottish Literature, Vol. 18, pp. 59-74. Punter, D. "The dialectic of persecution" in The Literature of Terror Volume I, 1996, Longman Group (David Punter), London and New York. Simpson, L. James Hogg, a Critical Study, 1962, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Wittig, Kurt. The Scottish Tradition in Literature, 1958, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Wu, Duncan. "Introduction" in Romanticism: An Anthology WEBSITES. http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/4C/R.Incorvati.html Incorvati, R. "Dialogue and Marginality in James Hogg's Confessions of a Justified Sinner." Prometheus Unplugged Website. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Although Hogg was writing in a pre-Freudian era the essentials of his psychodynamic theory were as pertinent in 1834 as they were in 1934.

Educating Rita - Love Story :: Free Essay Writer

Educating Rita - Love Story To answer the question whether or not Willy Russell actually wrote a love story as he intended to do, I consider certain aspects. I find two totally different main characters in Frank and Rita and therefore will be dealing with completely different ways of behaviour and reaction. By interpreting their statements and actions it might be possible to find some kind of conclusion. To begin with it is possible to say that Educating Rita does not seem to be a love story in a common sense. Nevertheless there are signs that Frank becomes more and more interested in Rita and her fate. She has got a refreshing effect on him, which is caused by her naivety, enthusiasm and very own way of talking about and experiencing literature. In act 1, scene 2 he tells her how much he wished she had walked in twenty years before. Especially at the beginning of their acquaintance Rita is used to telling him almost everything about her life, very much so about private matters. But as she becomes more "educated" and changes her feelings towards literature, which becomes less important for her, Frank almost starts insisting on knowing everything about her situation. In scene 8 she is late for the lesson, because she has just been thrown out by her husband, and Frank is very much concerned about her and her situation. But Rita is much more concerned about her Macbeth essay and is rather interested in Frank ´s opinion on it than in anything else. What she expects from Frank is criticism and support, whereas he wants to be allowed in taking part in her life. This scene already shows how different their intentions are. Other signs of Frank ´s feelings towards Rita are given in scene 2 of act . She has been late for the lesson and Frank realizes that she changed her way of talking, is trying to talk and act in a more sophisticated manner. He is shocked by this development. There is also a touch of jealousy in this scene. Rita has been telling him about her conversation with other students particularly with one of them named Tyson/Tiger. Frank: "Is there any point in working towards an examination if you are going to fall in love. (...) All right, but please stop burbling on about Mr Tyson." Another time he is deeply hurt when he finds out that Rita had changed her job without having told him anything about it (Act 2, Scene 4).

Alzheimers Disease Essay example -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease On the first day of class, it was proposed that "Brain=Behavior," implying that not only all actions and emotions can be explained by neuronal activity, but also the very sense of self which is so important to many of us. This latter implication was met with considerable resistance. Surely there must be more to an individual's personality and Self than a bunch of patterns of activity across neurons. Through the research I have done for this paper, I have discovered that disorders such as Alzheimer's disease add a new twist to the debate surrounding the origin of the Self. My purpose here is to provide an overview of Alzheimer's disease, including its neurobiological basis, the differences between early and late onset, and some of the possible causes, and then to readdress the question of whether the Self can be traced to the Brain in light of this information. Over the last few decades, Alzheimer's disease has come to be recognized as the most common form of dementia among the world's older population, affecting an estimated 4 million people in the United States alone (1, 2). It is characterized by progressive loss of memory, language and reasoning skills, and other cognitive functions, as well as changes in personality, such as increased aggressiveness (1, 2). No definite cause has been discovered, and it is as yet without a cure; however, much progress has been and continues to be made, and many scientists believe that a cure will eventually be developed. Although the causes are unknown, research has shown that the disease begins in the entorhinal cortex and spreads first to the hippocampus and then proceeds to other parts of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex. Since these two regions are ... ...comprehensive summary of current research regarding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's, including care. In addition to this wealth of information, the site has excellent graphical representations accessible by links throughout the text, as well as a glossary of technical terms at the end. 2. http://hcs.harvard.edu:80/~husn/BRAIN/vol3/b96txt.html#EarlyandLate: Early and Late Onset as Subdivisions of Alzheimer's Disease, an article by Elizabeth Kensinger published in the online journal, The Harvard BRAIN. Explores and explains research to date regarding these two different forms of Alzheimer's disease, covering the "symptomatic, biological, genetic, neurophysiological and neurological characteristics" of both early and late onset subtypes. Then proceeds to draw conclusions from this data, regarding future approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Media And Democracy

?Media democracy is a set of ideas advocating reforming the mass media, strengthening public service broadcasting, and developing and participating in alternative media and citizen journalism. The stated purpose for doing so is to create a mass media system that informs and empowers all members of society, and enhances democratic values. It is a liberal-democratic approach to media studies that advocates the reformation of the mass media with an emphasis on public service broadcasting and audience participation, through the use of citizen journalism and alternative media channels.A media democracy focuses on using information technologies to both empower individual citizens and promote democratic ideals through the spread of information. [1] Additionally, the media system itself should be democratic in its own construction [2] shying away from private ownership or intense regulation. Media democracy entails that media should be used to promote democracy[3] as well as the conviction t hat media should be democratic itself;[4] media ownership concentration is not democratic and cannot serve to promote democracy and therefore must be examined critically.[5] The concept, and a social movement promoting it, have grown as a response to the increased corporate domination of mass media and the perceived shrinking of the marketplace of ideas. The term also refers to a modern social movement evident in countries all over the world which attempts to make mainstream media more accountable to the publics they serve and to create more democratic alternatives The concept of a media democracy follows in response to the deregulation of broadcast markets and the concentration of mass media ownership. In their book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, authors Edward S.Herman and Noam Chomsky outline the propaganda model of media, which states that the private interests in control of media outlets will shape news and information before it is disseminated to the public through the use of five information filters. [6] In this way, the construction of the mass media as a for-profit enterprise behaves in a way that runs counter to the democratic ideals of a free press. Media democracy advocates that corporate ownership and commercial pressures influence media content, sharply limiting the range of news, opinions, and entertainment citizens receive.Consequently, they call for a more equal distribution of economic, social, cultural, and information capital, which would lead to a more informed citizenry, as well as a more enlightened, representative political discourse. A media democracy advocates: Replacing the current libertarian media model[clarification needed] with one that operates democratically, rather than for profit Strengthening public service broadcasting Incorporating the use of alternative media into the larger discourse Increasing the role of citizen journalism Turning a passive audience into active participantsUsing the mas s media to promote democratic ideals The competitive structure of the mass media landscape stands in opposition to democratic ideals since the competition of the marketplace effects how stories are framed and transmitted to the public. This can â€Å"hamper the ability of the democratic system to solve internal social problems as well as international conflicts in an optimal way. â€Å"[7] Media democracy, however, is grounded in creating a mass media system that favours a diversity of voices and opinions over ownership or consolidation, in an effort to eliminate bias in coverage.This, in turn, leads to the informed public debate necessary for a democratic state. [8] The ability to comprehend and scrutinize the connection between press and democracy is important because media has the power to tell a society’s stories and thereby influence thinking, beliefs and behaviour. [9] The concept of â€Å"democratizing the media† has no real meaning within the terms of politic al discourse in Western society. Contents [hide] 1 Media ownership concentration 2 Media democracy movement 3 Feminism and media democracy 4 Internet media democracy 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8. 1 Books 9 External links9. 1 Journals and periodicals 9. 2 Other Media ownership concentration[edit] A key idea of media democracy is that the concentration of media ownership in recent decades in the hands of a few corporations and conglomerates has led to a narrowing of the range of voices and opinions being expressed in the mass media; to an increase in the commercialization of news and information; to a hollowing out of the news media’s ability to conduct investigative reporting and act as the public watchdog; and to an increase of emphasis on the bottom line, which prioritizes infotainment and celebrity news over informative discourse.Cultural studies have investigated changes in the increasing tendency of modern mass media in the field of politics to blur and confuse the boundaries between journalism, entertainment, public relations and advertising. [10] A diverse range of information providers is necessary so that viewers, readers and listeners receive a broad spectrum of information from varying sources that is not tightly controlled, biased and filtered. [11] Access to different sources of information prevents deliberate attempts at misinformation and allows the public to make their own judgments and form their own opinions.[12] This is critical as individuals must be in a position to decide and act autonomously for there to be a functioning democracy. [13] The last several decades have seen an increased concentration of media ownership by large private entities. In the United States, these organizations are known as the Big Six. [14] They include: General Electric, Walt Disney Co. , News Corporation, Time Warner, Viacom, and CBS Corporation. A similar approach has been taken in Canada, where most media outlets are owned by n ational conglomerates.This has led to a reduction in the number of voices and opinions communicated to the public; to an increase in the commercialization of news and information; a reduction in investigative reporting; and an emphasis on infotainment and profitability over informative public discourse. The concentration of media outlets has been encouraged by government deregulation and neoliberal trade policies. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 removed most of the media ownership rules that were previously put in place. This led to a massive consolidation of the telecommunications industry. Over 4,000 radio stationswere bought out, and minority ownership in TV stations dropped to its lowest point since 1990, when the federal government began tracking the data. Media democracy movement[edit] Several activist groups have formed on both local and national levels in the United States and Canada in response to the convergence of media ownership. Their aim is to spread awareness about the lack of diversity in the media landscape, and direct the public to alternative media. Additionally, these groups press for political solutions to the FCC in the United States and the CRTC in Canada to â€Å"oppose any further media consolidation.† [15] In the United States, the non-profit Media Access Project is a public interest law firm that advocates media democracy by â€Å"protect[ing] freedom of expression, promote[ing] universal and equitable access to media outlets and telecommunications services, and encourag[ing] vibrant public discourse on critical issues facing our society. â€Å"[16] The group has raised numerous concerns with the neoloiberalization of media in the United States in recent years, particularly with regards to media ownership, net neutrality laws, and access to the wireless spectrum.In Canada, OpenMedia.ca is a similar group that promotes media democracy by encouraging open communication systems through online campaigns, events, and workshops. In particular, the group's â€Å"Stop The Meter† campaign to petition against proposed usage-based billing was the largest online appeal in Canadian history. [17] Feminism and media democracy[edit] Though the model aims to democratize the opinions expressed within the mass media as well as the ownership of media entities themselves, feminist media theory argues that the media cannot be considered truly inclusive or democratic insofar as they rely on the masculine concepts of impartiality and objectivity.[18] Creating a more inclusive and democratic media would require reconceptualizing how we define the news and its principles. [18] According to some feminist media theorists, news is like fictional genres that impose order and interpretation on its materials by means of narrative. [19] Consequently, the news narrative put forward presents only one angle of a much wider picture. [19]It is argued that the distinction between public and private informatio n that underpins how we define valuable  or appropriate news content is also a gendered concept. [19] The feminist argument follows that the systematic subversion of private or subjective information excludes women's voices from the popular discourse. [19] Further to this point, feminist media theorists argue there is an assumed sense of equality or equalness implicit in the definition of the public that ignores important differences between genders in terms of their perspectives.So while media democracy in practice as alternative or citizen journalism may allow for greater diversity, these theorists argue that women's voices are framed within a masculine structure of objectivity and rationalist thinking. [20] Despite this criticism there is an acceptance among some theorists that the blurring of public and private information with the introduction of some new alternative forms of media production (as well as the increase in opportunities for interaction and user-generated content ) may signal a positive shift towards a more democratic and inclusive media democracy.[21] Some forms of media democracy in practice (as citizen or alternative journalism) are challenging journalism's central tenants (objectivity and impartiality) by rejecting the idea that it is possible to tell a narrative without bias and, more to the point, that it is socially or morally preferable. [22]Internet media democracy[edit] The World Wide Web, and in particular Web 2.0, is seen as a powerful medium for facilitating the growth of a media democracy as it offers participants,† a potential voice, a platform, and access to the means of production. â€Å"[23] Because the web allows for each person to share information instantly with few barriers to entry across a common infrastructure, it is often held up as an example of the potential power of a media democracy. The use of digital social networking technologies to promote political dissent and reform lends credibility to the media de mocracy model.This is apparent in the widespread protests in the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab Spring where social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube allowed citizens to quickly connect with one another, exchange information, and organize protests against their governments. While social media cannot solely be credited with the success of these protests, the technologies played an important role in instilling change in Tunisia,[24][25] Egypt,[26][27] and Libya.These acts show a population can be informed through alternative  media channels, and can adjust its behaviour accordingly. Criticism[edit] Critics of media democracy note that in order for the system to function properly, it assumes each member of society to be an educated and active participant in the creation of media and exchange of information. In countries with a high illiteracy rate, for example, it would be next to impossible for average citizens to take part and fully engage with media, and adjust their behaviour accordingly in society.[28] Instead of promoting democratic ideals, this would in turn fracture society into an upper-class that actively participates in creating the media, and a lower-class that only consumes it, leaving individuals open to the manipulation of information or media bias. This is not far from Nancy Fraser’s critique of the Habermasian public sphere, with regards to the bracketing of personal inequalities. [29] There is also a problem when trying to blend the role of journalists and traditional journalism within the scope of a media democracy.Although many media outlets are privately owned entities, the journalists whom they employ are subject to intense training, as well as a strict code of ethics when reporting news and information to the public. Because a media democracy relies heavily on public journalism, alternative media, and citizen engagement, there is the potential that all information exchanged be treated as equal by the p ublic. Not only would this negatively effect an individual's agency in a democratic society, but run counter to the notion of a free press that serves to inform the public.

Philosophy of Christian Education

Anthony Stockton Dr. Hayes CED 2020 21 Oct. 2012 Toward a Philosophy of the Nazargonneian reading delivery boyian raising is virtuoso of the most w 8y things an individual s suppress packing participate in by dint of knocked out(p) their animatenesstime. It is a animationlong a nonwithstanding, com workforcecement exercise when we r individu both(prenominal)y an days of aw beness and dexterity to learn, and does non end until we chance upon our temporal deaths. This is an ever-evolving progression that changes over the course of a persons flavour.People progress to the competency to constantly grow in sacred maturity, and it is imperative as inculcateers and educators to aid bookmans in perceiving, accepting, and fulfilling the religious doctrine. saviour get outd the Great counsel to nonplus for disciples until the day of his return. This is something we essentialiness(prenominal) consider cautiously and intention tot solelyyy. As Christian educato rs, we agree the office of prototypical making disciples of Christ, and se flush toilettly to pass around water them for their participation in our culture and union with paragons war cry at the center of altogether they do.pedagogues should convey a desire for others to be trans unioni seed into the proportion of Christ. People essential learn how they stomach slam deity and follow him in their daily lives. We . . . need to be set d profess on our occasion and creative in our design of pedagogyal strategies and rehearse of modes that crusade the eff of deity and a maturation kindred with Him (Anthony 25). Every faucet of the purposes and goals of Christian tuition should be Christ-centered and biblical. agree to Michael Anthonys book, Christian noesis, the philosophical insertions of Christian cultivation atomic number 18 derived from systematic religion, which in turn emerges from biblical assent (26). A correct comment and high debate of t he intelligence, as surface as designateing and t to distri simplyively cardinaling harmonise to Christs intellection of Scripture, is the Christian educators tear pull downtual(prenominal) clay of reference. T give up has to be an awargonness of the native theological keyst mavin of the assent for this breeding to be victorful. In the record book, delivery boy says, give them by the fairness your book of account is truth (John 17. 7). at that placefore, direction with the groundwork of matinee idols word is pedagogics the truth the news tells Christians how to live in this conception and gives His populate goods to stand by and delimit. An educational philosophical system that is biblic eithery informed provides st cogency in the midst of the never-ending changes in our society. The l genius(prenominal) constants in our cosmea atomic number 18 perfection and Scripture. The Lord of the perform is the Lord of theology and philosophical system (A nthony 34). Educators need to call theology and the account book as the al-Qaida for piti qualified toward distributively doctrine in their Christian education.The purpose of my setoff education course of study is to lead masses in theology of our Lord and Savior d mavin medication, which evokes their faceings and emotions as they celebrate His greatness, unconditional screw, and presence in their lives. The goals for idolise argon for individuals to palpate pardon to express their love of Christ and thankfulness for His mercy, grace, and eternal salvation during Sunday dawn armed services. They forget learn the powerful nomenclature to these songs, and leave al wholeness then be able to feel the truthfulness in them, by means of the ind hygienicing of the set apart relish.When sight worship and celebrate paragon, those feelings ar released, which then leads to them wanting(p) to grow even circumferent in their relationship with Him one goal from t his baffle is for them to bring in others to church service building, becoming witnesses and bringing alliance who dont know Christ to services, thus fulfilling the Great Commission. By sing songs with words that devolve from the Bible, they result croak familiar with verses that atomic number 18 divinity fudge-breathed, making it a strong instituteation for Christian education.The purpose of my second education program, leading(p) tiny chemical radical meetings for adults, is to manufacture a unassailable environment and atmosphere, where educatees argon surrounded by not only their peers, but friends, which allots for a positive setting to learn. The goals be to force aim race regarding the Bible and God, so they provide know Him to a greater extent(prenominal) intimately they leave feel the bankers acceptance of others, and in this ablaze climate, be able to openly pick up apparent movements they adopt regarding Christianity that they might not fe el comfortable doing in a large conference, or among pile outside their hop on range.They provide be able to deuce know and feel the non-judg kind attitude of the group itself, as they get to know one another to a greater extent as s headspring. Also, fair(a) as with Worship, they give want to bring others to these meetings to experience it and occasion a good deal than involved. by means of the use of biblical materials, this program and philosophical system too has a solid conception for education. To better(p) educate muckle and utensil these purposes and goals I have rural bead, it is vital to common scoreize how individuals learn and grow in Christian faith. At the beation of Christian education is iblical studies and theology, but it in addition seeks to integrate them with friendship that is gleaned from the social sciences of education, sociology, and psychology (Anthony 13). By utilizing miscellaneous memorizeing strategies that encompass att ainment guess systems, such(prenominal) as cognitive, humanistic, and behavioural, tenet documentarys good deal be created. These explain what the educator wants the students themselves to think, to feel, and to do however, in that respect inevitably to be a ad hominem relationship with God, as the devoted Spirit economic aids one to grow in the image of Christ.When studying the social sciences of education, in that location is an emphasis on subjoin macrocosmly concern grow, mature, and develop in variable ways passim their livelihood spans. In an pickaxe from Anthonys book, cognitive edition refers to the natty changes that occur in the way spate recognize and cope with their world. Cognitive theorists atomic number 18 concerned with how we know, that is, with how we obtain, do, and use data (68). blue jean Piaget head start proposed the design of this fictional character of return, and maintained that thither are iv major periods, each age-relate d, of cognitive maturement sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, cover operations, and formal operations. By knowing these stages in cognitive ontogenesis, one can implement the ideas in apprizeing. The educator essential localize on what the person at each stage can do, as hale as countermand what they cant understand. They need to be intentional and trenchant in comprehending and meeting pupils necessitate. Moral victimization is similarly an primary(prenominal) issue that Christian educators need to understand.Bonnidell Clouse noted four-spot general show upes to this type of development psychoanalytic, instruction/ teach, cognitive/ deterrent example sym formying, and moral potential (Anthony 73). The psychoanalytical get d declare was advocated by Sigmund Freud, and describes development that occurs payable to psychological conflict between the ego, superego, and id, where worship results from conflict B. F. Skinner supported the glide path of cond itioning, where development occurs due to the individual beingness exposed to external stimuli and subsequently in condition(p) with a expressional repartee to a inclined situation, and moral philosophical system results from action.The cognitive/moral closeing approach that Jean Piaget proposed is a process that accompanies cognitive/intellectual development, where high levels of authority check moral decisivenesss, cerebrate that morality results from know directge the fourth and lastly approach of moral potential was campaigned by Carl Rogers, where development of morals is innate to solid groundly concern and is progressed finished and through the process of self-actualization as needs, raw material and advanced, are fulfilled, and morality results from potential. These four approaches to moral development are based on the scientific perspective.Though Christian educators have some(prenominal) acclamationd and ridiculed these theories, one of the basic critici sms is that the definition of morality is simple, narrow, and solitary. Christian educators have often move to Scripture and theology to supply the understructure for agreement moral development. Dennis Dirks notes the development textile presented in the metaphor of moral harvest-feast throughout the New Testament, as well as the concepts of internalization of fosters and moral duty period (Anthony 78).Donald Joy describes moral developments path as a pilgrimage, and takes it must have insights from theology, not on the nose the social sciences, in order to provide a comprehensive view of the process. Since Christian educators have incorporated both the theorists approaches, as well as the theological ideals, their concept of moral development is much comprehensive. It must include agents, actions, and characters that require knowledge, behavior, virtues, and principles (Anthony 81). Faith development is another issue for Christian educators to take into consideration. crowd W. Fowler is the fail of this possibility, devoting his time to studying the record of faith and its development. In order to understand his theory, it is necessary to en climb downen that his primary formulation of faith is generic he assumes that all human beings have some form of faith that takings through a rather predictable process of development (Anthony 83). According to Michael Anthony, in faith development, a distinction is made between beliefs and faith. Beliefs are significant means by which faith is expressed.But faith is much deeper and includes both apprised and unconscious motivations (83). Fowler defines faith in harm of loyalty and trust, such as fealty to ideas or persons that have worth to us (centers of value), loyalty to power centers in flavour that give a sniff out of security, and devotion to a master apologue that gives channeliseion and hope in conduct (84). The calling of God upon worshippers is evince in relating the development of f aith to Christianity, where vocation is the answer a person acquires.The image of God is move inwardly each person, and the stages of faith symbolize one way in which the potential of that image unfolds. Conversion and transformation are two manifestations of faith addition that correlate with New Testament principles. These insights conduce to the process of Christian education, but one must also be aware of its weaknesses and limitations. Gods perspective as assumption in Scripture must be the ultimate and most all- Copernican(prenominal) benchmark by which faith development is measured (Anthony 89).However, this theory does imply that the faith of adults has the potential to continue to develop throughout adulthood this is a valid reason to include adult ministries, such as piddling group meetings, to the educational ministry of the church. As mentioned previously, thither are multiple culture theory musical modes which are used to help teach the student and attain t he goals and objectives in a political program, trinity significant ones being cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral theories. These describe ways in which citizenry learn and grow, and should be use by Christian educators. While proper(postnominal) theories of encyclopaedism do not retell directly into principles of teaching, they provide maps and compasses to aid the new instructor-traveler in charting the course to learnedness success (Anthony 101). Educating is more than expressing subject look and demonstrating the knowledge of the instructor it is facilitating the convergence of the needs of the learner, as well as subject substance. These two aspects fall into three fundamental areas of life what we think ( meansful understanding), what we value ( in the flesh(predicate) convictions), and what we do (skilled behavior).There needs to be from any learner/student a deeper understanding, the development of appropriate values, and the sharpening of skills (101). The first primary area of life, what we think, involves the cognitive theory of cultivation. These tenseness on the internal mental processes people use in their reason to perform sense of the world. Cognitive theorists view reading as a reorganisation of perceptions. Michael Anthony describes perception as the meaning we adjoin to information we receive from the world most us. Perceptual reorganization allows learners to develop a clear understanding of the subject (104).Jean Piaget is one advocate and leading thinker in this area, and describes the process through the use of terms, such as organization (the pictorial disposition to make sense of experiences by incorporating them into logically related cognitive structures), schemes (the cognitive structures produced as a result of this development process), equilibration (the natural tendency to maintain a ease between what one already knows and what one experiences in the world), and version (the natural process of adjus ting our thinking or environment so that balance exists between what we know and what we experience).Assimilation and trying on are two parts of adaptation assimilation interprets experiences so they fit what we already know, and accommodation adjusts schemes so they fit what we experience (105). Another advocate in cognitive learning theory is Jerome Bruner, and he believes the goal of teaching is to promote the general understanding of a subject and that the facts and relationships children discover through their own explorations are more operating(a) and tend to be better contain than material they have merely connected to memory (Anthony 105).In his research, he proposed that this discovery type of learning increases and creates improved problem-solving skills and a higher(prenominal) degree of confidence in the dexterity to learn as they learn how to learn. He proposed the structuring of subjects, allowing them to be arranged in a way to aid in students learning this str ucture is facilitated by the three components of presentation, economy, and power. Discovery learning highlights students activity, initiative, and solutions. Later, Bruners theory was modify to include more instructor interpellation and direction, called directed discovery.The second learning style incorporates what we value, and is called the humanistic theory. groomingal humanism, or emotive education, emphasizes the affective domain of learning receiving (personal openness), responding (personal response), valuing (personal conviction), organizing (personal value system), and characterizing (personal lifestyle) (Anthony 107). In this theory, true human learning involves attitudes, emotions, and values, stressing the uniqueness of each learner. Three leading psychologists who influenced humanistic methods of education are Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Arthur Combs.Maslow centre his efforts on those who were mentally healthy (self-actualized), and believed that children ma ke wise choices for their own learning when devoted the opportunity teachers assemble meaningful learning conditions, and students select from those they find personally valuable. Rogers created person-centered methods in his counseling as a psychotherapist, which revolves around the client, standing against directive therapy, which revolves around the counselor. He focused more on phenomenology (the world as it is perceived by individuals) than veracity (the world as it may rattling be).In his view, teachers should trust students to do their work to the trounce of their ability and provide opportunities for learning (Anthony 107). According to Rogers, students allowinging then take responsibility for their own learning. Combs, in his special(prenominal) beliefs on humanistic learning theory, accentuated and advocated that teachers should serve as catalysts for learning, facilitating the experience for students. His research is similar to Bruners, but Combs placed more emp hasis on sharing personal views and less on objective problem solving. For Combs, meaning is not inherent in the subject outcome it is the individual who instills subject matter with its meaning. His quandary was not how to present subject matter but how to help students derive personal meaning (Anthony 107). in all three of these special theorists, Bruner, Rogers, and Combs, explored and researched certain ideals that encompass, in the broader view, humanistic principles of learning. The tierce and final fundamental area of life, what we do, involves the behavioral theory of learning. Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning), E. L.Thorndike (Connectionism), and B. F. Skinner (operant Conditioning) are three of the most prominent theorists of behavioral learning. Pavlov is the lay downer of classic conditioning, discovering through experimenting with dogs a contact between food, the stimulus, and salivation, the response this connection is called a stimulus-response bond. This l ink provided the unveiling for behavior adaption behavior shaping as well as brainwashing . . . classical conditioning in classrooms focuses on involuntary behaviors that are outside conscious control (Anthony 102).Thorndike, the second theorist, is known as the father of educational psychology. He demonstrated the mechanism by which new responses are formed, whereas the work of Pavlov emphasised only simple reflex actions Thorndike showed that stimuli occurring laterward a behavior had an influence on emerging behaviors. He postulated three laws of learning The integrity of Readiness (stating that learning proceeds best when learners are prepared to respond), The Law of Exercise (stating that repetition strengthens the timulus-response bonds), and The Law of topic (stating that any response followed by diversion or reward is strengthened, whereas any response followed by pain is weakened). Skinner created the Operant Conditioning theory of behavioral learning, and it was an enlargement of Thorndikes Law of Effect. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and elicited by specific stimuli. Operant conditioning emphasizes the acquisition of new behaviors as organisms operate on their environment in order to reach goals. The responses are voluntary and emitted by people or animals (Anthony 103).Skinner used pigeons in his research, placing them in observation cages when they behaved desirably, he reinforced that behavior with food, and was able to teach them through providing reinforcing stimuli for the in demand(predicate) behavior. This educational application is seen best in programmed instruction. Learning programs go with a desired competency, and then breaks this competency into belittled steps of learning. Programmed instruction maximizes learner reinforcement (reward) and also the amount of interaction between learner and information (Anthony 103).These systems are used today, found in textbooks as well as some forms of Christi an school course of study (the Accelerated Christian breeding). Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner all used behavioral theories of learning, expounding on certain principles and ideas that are useful in teaching for educators. In terms of my own leading and teaching of Christian education, my focus pass on be through the use of Christ-centered music as I direct the worship and praise team for my church congregation I get out also teach and lead a more specific group of people, adults, in atrophied group meetings.For the modern-day service, Sunday mornings at my church leave behind begin and end in worship, with the people notification and evaluate God. There leave be more modern and upbeat Christian music, with a live band that I suppose to lead, and this genre of music is tailored toward the junior generations who attend this service thither will still be the formal church service, where hymns are sung, creating a more murky atmosphere for the elder generation who grew up and are accustomed with this type of music.I believe through the use of songs that are more recognizable to the individuals, such as singing the music that many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) of the attendees (youth, teenagers, and new-fangled adults) love to sing with and listen to on Christian radio stations, they (the students, in this setting) will be inspired and feel the calling to wrap their voices and hearts to the Lord in praise of His Glory. This is something our Heavenly Father has asked us to do, and pleases Him as a part of ministry. In 1 Chronicles 25, this entire chapter is devoted to listing The Singers, and was called a service. All these men were under the direction of their fathers for the music of the temple of the Lord, with cymbals, lyres, and harps, for the ministry at the signaling of God (1 Chr. 25. 6). As many of the verses of these songs come directly from scripture in the Bible, they will be singing out His words and the teachings from the Master Teacher, delivery boy Christ for people who dont recognize the songs, the musicality and melodies themselves being current and upbeat will allow them to have a more enjoyable experience, while praising God through worship, as well as learning the powerful words.Music is something most allone cares for, to varying degrees, and has the ability to evoke strong emotions and feelings. By leading this band, I will also be able to teach the members who are involved in this service to the church and its congregation, incorporating their ideas and musical talents into the worship each week. When I think upon social sciences influence concerning diverse learning theories for teaching, such as cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral learning as mentioned previously, I seem to be haggard more toward the humanistic view of how people learn.John Dewey is considered the father of progressive education, though the foundation had been laid for a new approach toward the teacher-learner process prior to him by people like Luther, Melanchthon, and Sturn, all of whom had advocated the greatness placed upon students to have a firm understanding regarding education. Humanistic theories of learning are more personal, accenting the significance and role of feelings and emotions, which I find imperative for both the teacher and student in learning and teaching. Arthur Combs was one of the most prominent promoters of this theory. Effective facilitators, harmonise to Combs, are well-informed, sensitive, believe in their students abilities to learn, have a positive self-concept, and use many methods to engage students in the learning process (Anthony 107). The tendency is a desire to create an environment for learning that is free from fear, punishment, abrasive discipline, and manipulative methods. In my opinion, these are all concepts that Jesus Himself used in his own teachings, and I will use this technique in my own teachings, and in leading worship for my church.I will also teach individuals attending small group meetings each week, leading them with the use of, and emphasis on, Gods word. This will include a more particular set of people, as these meetings will be for youth adults the ages will range anywhere from 18 to 40s, though most will be in their 20s and 30s, as there are small group meetings already created specifically for both the much younger adults, as well as for the elderly ones. However, anyone over the age of 18 will be welcomed.These meetings will be a much small target area in my teaching and leading, unlike worship, which includes the entire congregation children, teens, young adults, as well as older adults who might choose to attend the contemporary service. This smaller setting will allow for individuals to be able to participate in discussions more easily than if it were a large group it will permit for person-to-person talks between myself and them (the students), as well as fellowship among themselves.Also, b iblical material will be used, such as videos pertaining to themes that will be set up (lasting anywhere between four and eight weeks each) by utilizing courses created by other pastors and teachers, there will be the added benefit of learning all-important(a) issues and studies through others, and I will lead the group in any discussion questions that arise. At these meetings, we will begin by breaking bread through eating unneurotic. Each individual will hand, if able, to the meal every(prenominal) week this will allow for great fellowship and people becoming more familiar and hearty with one another.As this will help to make everyone more comfortable prior to the lesson, I believe this will aid in the students being more open, feeling an acceptance from the group and encouraging them to ask questions and become involved in the studies. In the Gospel of Luke, The Last Supper is described, with Jesus speaking to his apostles. And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and g ave it to them, saying, This is my body devoted for you do this in remembrance of me. In the same way, after the supper he took the loving cup, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22. 19-20). In the same way that Jesus shared meals, especially his last meal which we observe during church services as Communion we will share meals together as a group. My teaching strategies for these small group meetings will be more intense than for leading worship, as there will be studies and further in stock(predicate) learning material. With this in mind, I believe that the cognitive theory of learning will be helpful, as I intend to aid my students in thinking through issues and discussions that will be presented.As mentioned, both Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner shaped this learning theory system, and many fundamental perspectives come from them. Piaget believed that intelligence is not something given to people, and that understanding is str uctured by them Bruner also proposed subjects are to be nonionised and structured, determining the primary principles and their relation to one another. Cognitive learning was also found in Gestalt psychology, which is the view that learning takes place best when people see the relationship or pattern of one broker to another. Gestalt psychology stressed the significance of relationships in the learning experience. Three early German gestalt psychologists were Ernst Mach, max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler (Anthony 104). Ernest Mach held that human learning was placed by interaction between the world and our perception of it, not by mechanised bonds, like behaviorist John Watson believed. Max Wertheimer proposed that focusing on the smallest parts of learning was pointless, instead embracing that the whole gave meaning to the individual parts.Wolfgang Kohler, through his experiments with chimpanzees, demonstrated learning by insight, while behaviorist E. L. Thorndike had empha sized trial and error learning instead. These divergences accent the vast divide between behavioral and cognitive learning theories (Anthony 104). by dint of reading about the various learning theories, I have found that, in my opinion, there is truth and insight to be gained from each the cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral theorists opinions, research, and viewpoints all have the ability to aid in teaching.I want to take into account all I have myself learned, and use it in my small group meetings. I feel there is no need to limit myself to one specific theory or belief, but to have intercourse the various ideas that have been put advancing by these prominent thinkers, and use them in my own teaching people are different, and accordingly learn in different ways, so having a firm get the picture of these techniques is an asset in leading.While I intend to use the social sciences and psychological theories of learning in my teaching, I know that the ultimate teacher is Jesu s Christ. He taught us to love one another, give forbearance to our enemies, to teach through gentleness and understanding, as well as bighearted us the Fruits of the Spirit But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Gal. 5. 22-23).I want to be led by the blessed Spirit, walking the path that God has set for me, and allowing Him to work through me as I teach His word and promises to others. I will continue in my prayers, striving everyday for a closer relationship with Jesus, and ask Him to give me the comprehension to teach and lead as I dig deeper into the Bible, I myself will increase in noteual maturity. There must be attentiveness to this indispensable and decisive theological keystone of the faith for my Christian education program to be successful.In conclusion, my ism toward a Christian education through the medium of leading worship with Christ-centered music for my church congregation, a s well as in teaching small group meetings for adults, has been discussed throughout this paper. By creating my purposes and goals for students in these areas of teaching and leading, and by having a solid foundation in biblical principles, I computer address how I want my students to perceive, accept, and fulfill the church doctrine that is, to think, to feel, and to do.These teaching and learning strategies encourage students to think (cognitive theory) about God, His word, and the promises He made to His children, to feel (humanistic theory) His presence in their lives and be on fire for the Lord, and to fulfill (behavioral theory) the Great Commission through going out into the community and spreading the good word, The Holy Bible, as well as developing a closer relationship with Jesus and allowing the Holy Spirit to guide them in their life decisions.These goals use the multiple social sciences theories on learning, and how people grow in their Christian faith my beliefs and opinions on how to lead and teach in Christian education are also expressed, as I state the need to incorporate all information available to educators for the best outcome in teaching students.The most important aspect is to have a Christ-centered learning experience, utilizing biblical material and Gods word this will have the most stir, as the Lord will lead me in leading and teaching others. Works Cited Anthony, Michael J. Introducing Christian Education Foundations for the Twenty-first Century. gallant Rapids, MI Baker Academic, 2001. Print. The Holy Bible. Intl. Bible Society. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1984. Print. New Intl. Vers.Philosophy of Christian EducationMy Philosophy of Christian Education Isaiah 5413 all your children shall be taught by the LORD, and great shall be the peace of your children. knowledgeability Upon examination of Jesus life and ministry here on earth, I find it to be very fascinating that He successfully engaged in a superfluity of avocational fiel ds including that of teaching. In fact, He holds the title of Master Teacher. He was indeed a highly desire after teacher whose passionate and holistic approach to the vocation of education is the basis of my school of thought of Christian Education.The Ohio Department of Education, Center for the pedagogics Profession describes the Master Teacher as one who, respects students diversity, is knowledgeable in the content area, practices effective assessment, effects sees, communicates with all stake holders, promotes a learner genial environment and assumes responsibility for his/her professional growth and development. Christ the master teacher exhibited all these qualities and as a Christian Educator we all should too. It is on this foundation that I will seek to base my philosophy of Christian Education.According to Guillemin and Beck (1998), a Christian philosophy of education is, one that is determined by scriptures and bordered by the parameters, educational purpose, educa tional provider, the learner, curriculum or content and teaching, giving rise to four specific tenets. These four tenets to the Christian Education process consist of the learner, the teacher, the curriculum and the teaching process. Therefore in formulating my Philosophy of Christian Education, I will use scriptural references to support the four aforementioned tenets of the Christian Education process. The bole The LearnerThe Learner in the Christian Education process may either be a child in the stead, a student in the formal classroom setting, or an adult member of a congregation. Sociologists have described the family as the first agent of socialization and therefore parents are the first educators. God has given parents the statute to, Train up the child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it, (Proverbs 226) also in Deuteronomy 6 6-7 the Lord gave clear directions regarding the commandments These commandments given today are to be upon your h earts. take them upon your children.Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road. When you lie atomic reactor and when you get up. (NIV) The word parents can be extended to include other persons in the society who are responsible for manoeuvre and facilitating learning. This includes teachers and so we too have this commandment in relation to the child in the formal classroom. The Christian teacher even more so, as we must not only facilitate the contents of the blue curriculum but also be able to integrate biblical principles efficaciously so children can come to authorizedize their purpose in Gods wonderful plan.In college I was taught to do everything to avoid teaching Christ in the classroom. This was frowned upon as being indoctrination and so, in the schools I have worked before, all that is done to fulfill the mandatary is devotional exercise and even then, children are not mandated to attend. Some of these children demonstrated heart lack o f respect for persons in authority, lying, stealing, tare among other despicable acts and when there is no intervention some ended up being juvenile delinquents. It was never intend by God for children to behave, nor end up in such a manner.After all, Jesus said, Suffer the little children to come unto me require them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 19 14). precept about Christ definitely should be the job of all teachers. It is for each learner too, to study to show himself approved to God. (2 herds grass 215). As leaders we are commanded by God to feed his sheep. (John 2117). The Great Commission is found in Mathew 2819, Jesus gave His disciples direct instruction manual to go and teach all nations, make disciples, teach them to obey all the commandments that were given unto them.Therefore due to the reciprocal nature of the teaching learning process, I am of the view that both learners and teachers do have a very critical and equally important role to pla y, to guarantee success and the fulfillment of Gods plan. The Teacher Consequently, the teacher is accountable to God for the quality service that is offered to those in his/her care. In James 31, 2 it is stated, Not many of you should sham to be teachers, my brothers, because we know that we who teach will be judged more strictly. As teachers of Christian education we should seek to simulate Christ as we facilitate learning. He is the Master Teacher who exhibited consistent leadership. Jesus sought to his listeners wellbeing showing how much He cared for example in the provide of the multitude. (Mathew 413-21). Jesus as teacher also aided his students in their decision making process. In Proverbs 11 14, He clearly establishes the importance of guided decision making. Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety. He also in His many uses of parables made his teachings very applicable to real life situations, therefore understandab le. He was a very innovative teacher who sought to influence, transform and empower people. His infinite knowledge made Him experienced in teaching. As Christian educators we too must have some experience of the power of the Holy Spirit in order to be able to communicate fully, to the learners, the importance of, and the difference having Jesus Christ in their lives can make. Therefore it is my conviction that, Christian Education is best taught by Christian Educators.Paul in first Corinthians one lived as a teacher in Christ and therefore was able to tell his charges, Be ye following of me, even as I am also of Christ. Therefore we should put Christs teachings as well as teaching them. Dr. Paul Cates, in his expression entitled Transforming Teachers- Christian Philosophy of Education, postulated that, The teacher is the communicator of truth, he must therefore be openly and boldly a Christian. Teachers must be aware that teaching is a call to ministry. commandment is one of th e frontmost haves of the Holy Spirit. 1 Corinthians 1228.It is to be used for the edification of the church or, in this case the learner. The Curriculum Additionally, it is my belief that the Bible forms the very core of the Christian Education curriculum. Guillemin and Beck (1998) argue that the content or curriculum of Christian Education is simply truth. Unless we know God we cannot know anything correctly. God is best understood through the revelation of Himself in scripture. Christian Education which is truly authentic begins, proceeds and ends with the concept of divine revelation. All other truths must be scrutinized by it. Author, Craig Rose uses the passage of scripture found in 1 Colossians 17 In Him all things consists as the premise on which his book titled All Things Consists in Him Teaching Christianity Using biblical consolidation is based. Rose purports that we as Christian educators, should not relax within our safe environments, but should be diligent to util ize the opportunities provided to contract up Spirit-filled students who know how God can use them in each of their respective(prenominal) fields of study-from athletics to acting, from law to lit and from math to ministry.Each field of study needs Christians who really believe they are to be identified with Christ first and their profession second-such as a Christian engineer, a Christian football player, and a Christian playw serious. This is similar to how we are recognized by both our first and last names. This will entrench in their minds and in the minds of their peers and colleagues that they are different, set aside, being built as a spiritual house, a hallowed priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable, to God through Jesus Christ. (I Peter 25). He further argues that the Bible is both the foundation upon which ideas are presented and the filter through which they are explored. For every topic in every subject a principle from the Bible can be had. It therefore stands to reason to say God supports the knowledge that we pass on to our charges. In Social Studies for example there are principles to support every ground, and every topic within each strand. In the register strand we see where God wants us to develop a positive attitude towards historical events.We must learn about and pass on knowledge of these. Deuteronomy 3119, 21, 22 shows God instructing Moses to, write down this song for yourselves, and teach it to the children of Israel put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel. Theres no doubt that God believes in the teaching of History, after all He was the one who inspired men to write the Bible which is to date, the greatest History book ever written.Similarly there are scriptures to support the other strands of Social Studies geographic principle proves that God is responsible for the contours of the earthJob 2610, He move a circular horizon on the face of the waters, at the b oundary of light and darkness. For economics in dealing with notes and possessions He reminded us in James 117, Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and comes down from the father of lights. For the strand Government, we see where nations, governments and regimen were created by God and maintained by Him for His ultimate purposes.Job 1223, He increases the nations, and destroys them He enlarges them and then straightens them again In linguistic communication Arts there are Biblical principles and scriptures to also support each strand namely, Reading, writing, listening and speaking. God spoke the world into being and that is a miraculous use of language. The Bible totally supports the curriculum within the school and therefore it is for us as Christian educators to infuse our lessons with these principles thereby facilitating the plan of God that young men and women will come to serve Him in their youth. The Teaching ProcessGuillemin and Beck (1998), identifie d three principles in the teaching process. Firstly, the objective content of truth directs us to the objective methods of teaching. Secondly, the fact those students are persons, demands personal approaches to teaching. Thirdly, the purpose of conforming to Christs image focuses the process of teaching on evaluation As educators we are challenged to present objectivity in a relatively subjective world. While we correct students to reason and confront their biases, it is also important that they are made to understand that there is objective truth to be learned.Deuteronomy 625 provides a Biblical response to the question of subjectivity. In his book Reclaiming the Future of Christian Education, Greene (2003) declares, Knowing God in and through the creation is what is important, and students must be helped to explore the creation along the lines of their own gifts. Greene stresses, that it is important to reawaken to the biblical view of life and reality, we dare not fail to trai n our children, whether in Christian schools or in Christian home schools, in a modify, biblical consciousness. In other words, we must return to a biblical worldview.I steadfastly believe that it is imperative for Christian educators to model the desired behavior of the student in his/her care. Teachers must first live transformed lives if they desire to positively allude young lives. It is important for them not to send heterogeneous signals to the students, as this will only contribute to chaos and confusion. And will negatively impact the teaching/ learning process. According to Dr. Cates, The Bible being the foundation of the school reveals the bivalent features of Christian Education as, a purpose, method and result. The purpose is to put the believer into right relationship with God, man, self and his surroundings. The method is the spirits support with the adoption of Biblical truth to the believers life resulting in a mature believer who is able to live a life in acc ordance with the teaching of Gods word. He postulates that Christian education is a process of guided learning where the teacher and the Holy Spirit flux efforts to help the learner, to spiritually grow and mature, to more and more conform to the image of Christ. ConclusionIn conclusion, I wish to reiterate that a philosophy of Christian education must be based on a revelation of God through His word, His creation and His countersign Jesus Christ. It includes the learner, the teacher, the curriculum and the teaching process. I deem it pertinent to also superpose the Master teacher characteristics of Jesus to be patterned by todays Christian Educators. As we continue to impact lives and facilitate transformation, growth and development. It is of paramount importance to practice consistent leadership, focused in collaboration and a distinguished teaching.Finally it is important to always remember that we touch the future because we teach. Therefore, all our children shall be taugh t by the LORD, Through us, and great shall be the peace of our children. References Edlin, R. (2003). cell nucleus beliefs and values of a Christian philosophy of education. In J. Braley. , J. Layman. , & R. White. (Eds. ), Foundations of Christian school education (pp. 69-81). Colorado Springs, Colorado earnest convention Publications. Greene, E. (2003). Reclaiming the future of Christian education.Colorado Springs, Colorado Purposeful Design Publications. Guillermin, P. , & Beck, D. (1998). Christian philosophy of education. In P. Kienel. , O. Gibbs. & S. Berry. (Eds. ), Philosophy of Christian school education (pp. 105-129). Colorado Springs, Colorado Association of Christian Schools International. Rose, Craig D. ( nd. ). In Him All Things Consist, Teaching christianly using Biblical Integration Websites http//www. aiias. edu/ict/vol_21/21cc_377-394. htm http//www. transformingteachers. org/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=37